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Methods to establish new plant populations are different from establishing vertebrate or animal populations. Animals can move from one place to another in search of food or moisture conditions. In plants the seeds are dispersed to the other sites through wind, water and animals or by conservation biologists activity. When a seed is planted on a site it is unable to move even if a suitable site exists at few meters distance. The immediate small suitable site is necessary in case when environmental conditions become harsh e.g. the weather is too hot, too wet, too dry or too shady. In these conditions the seeds either don't germinate or plants die. Plants are vulnerable to attacks by insects, pests and fungi. Fire also disturb the seeds establishment. Considerations while reintroduction of Plants Careful site selection should be taken into account otherwise plants will not be able to survive or flower. Those factors should be identified that cause the decline ...

Establishment of new populations is quite difficult and expensive and it requires long term and serious commitments. The programs to capture, raise and monitor the species such as condor, peregrine falcon, ferrets millions of dollars are required and millions of year work is needed. When species are long lived they required that much time to take care of the program. Emotional public issues were raised while decision making of reintroduction of grizzly bears, grey wolf programs, black footed ferrets and California condor. Criticism Criticism regarding this reintroduction programs raised were: Waste of Money Unnecessary Intrusive Poorly run Unethical Answers to these Questions The answers to these questions is simple that not every endangered specie is suited for reintroduction program. A well designed and well run reintroduction program proves to be best option for the endangered species that are at the verge of extinction. It is very important to explain the go...

If we want to make reintroduction and introduction programs successful than behaviors of released animals should be addressed while releasing the animals in any habitat. Social Animals Learning: When social animals such as mammals and birds grow in wild, they learn about their environment from their members of community especially from their partners. They learn how to interact with other members of the population. They learn how to search for food, how to get that and consume that food.  For Carnivores such as lions and wild dogs, hunting techniques are complex and these require a teamwork. Herbivores such as Hornbills and Gibbons have to learn the seasonal migration patterns to obtain the variety of food by covering a large area to make them alive. They are also taught in family groups how to capture  and find food. Many species perform some cues or rituals to attract the mate.  ANIMALS RAISED IN CAPTIVITY Animals that are raised in captivity (in separate preserved area...

INTRODUCTION Many endangered species are at verge of extinction, many conservation biologists are developing strategies or approaches to save these species. These approaches involve increasing size of existing population and establishing new wild or semi wild populations of rare species. These approaches allow the species living in captivity or in small isolated populations. The populations that are widely spread are less destroyed by events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, disease, epidemics). By increasing the population the chances of extinction reduces. Establishment of new populations decline the original wild species of that area. For example a brown snake specie was introduced in Pacific Island where birds species already existed. Birds species were eliminated by the predation of snake. This was not a good reestablishment practice. Either snake species should be introduced into other island or birds species nests should be protected from snakes or birds species sho...

INTRODUCTION The United Nations Conference on Human and Environment was a large event in Rio de Jenario Brazil in 1992 that bring together the Heads of State, Chief of Governments, Senior Diplomats, Government Officials, delegates from UN agencies, NGOs, Journalists and officials of International Organization. The issues such as global climate change, biological diversity, deforestation, and desertification were concluded at Earth Summit.  Agenda 21 was a special product of Earth Summit. It was a program for 21st century, approved by consensus among world leaders in Rio that represent 98 % of world population. This document is 700 pages long and covers all the areas of sustainable development. OVERVIEW OF AGENDA 21 SECTION ONE: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS 1. PREAMBLE Agenda 21 is a dynamic program. This process marks the start of global partnership. 2. ACCELERATING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT It calls for global partnership to increase the global economy by increasing the ...

POLICY VISION "The National Environmental Policy aims at improving the quality of life of Pakistan by conserving, protecting and improving the Pakistan's environment and cooperation among the civil society, government agencies, private sectors and other stakeholders." OBJECTIVES Maintain clean and healthy environment for the people of Pakistan. Achieve sustainable economic development by conserving and protecting the resources. Effective management of Pakistan's environment by involvement of stakeholders. SECTORAL ISSUES 1. Water Supply and Management To promote the clean and improve water supply and effective management of water resources the government shall: develop legal and policy frameworks increase water supply and water treatment facilities do water quality monitoring install water treatment plants promote metering of water consumption promote technologies for rain water harvesting enact Water Conservation Act 2. Energy Efficiency and Renewables To promo...

INTRODUCTION Different approaches are used to deal with environmental degradation problems since over long time industrialization was started in different nations. The approaches such as to avoid the problem; to dilute the pollutants so that to reduce the impacts of pollutants; treat the pollution after it happens (end of pipe solution); prevent the pollution at source by cleaner production techniques were used. It is clear from the approaches that from over long time shift has been taken place from avoid to prevent that would enhance the economic investments, and improve the environment. This is the primary goal of cleaner production. "Cleaner production is defined as the adoption of integrated preventive environmental strategies applied to processes, products and services in order to reduce the impacts, risk and harm to the environment and humans."   Cleaner Production in terms of Production Processes Cleaner Production in terms of production includes t...

Environmental Ethics assume that moral norms govern the human behavior towards natural world. Many ethics regarding the environment were presented by environmentalists. These are as follows: UNIVERSALISTS  Plato and Kant presented this ethic. The concept describes that fundamental ethics are universal and  unchanging.  The rules of right and wrong are valid without concerning the interests, desires and attitude. God has created these rules or these are revealed for any reason and knowledge. RELATIVISTS This ethic was of Sophists. It claims that moral principles are relative to any particular person, society or condition. Ethical values are context based. Friedrich Nietzsche's said that there are no facts only interpretations. NIHILISTS This ethic was given by Schopenhauer. Very dark view was given by him. He said the World has no sense at all. Life is dark. To exist on earth unceasing struggle is required. Its just like eat or to be eate...

EVOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL THINKING The impacts caused by human activities to environment were recognized globally known as environmental impacts. 1940s In 1948 IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) was made.  It acted as Inter governmental body. IUCN in current time has several civil socirty organizations as its members. 1950s DDT (Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane) was detected in the flesh of flightless penguins of Antarctica. Letchworth Garden City was built in this time period. Electron capture detector was invented that could measure the man made chemicals in minutes quantities. 1960s In 1962 a book Silent Spring was published by Rachel Carson. Wildlife was diminishing in this time so attention was given to wildlife protection. Lacey Act: Lacey Act was proposed for the prohibition of animals killing and to ensure to increase the number of game animals and birds.  Endangered Species Protection Act was proposed in 1...

REVIEW OF IEE AND EIA REGULATIONS To implement the powers by section 33 of PEPA Act, 1997 the PEPA has develop some rules: Before describing the rules let's briefly describe the EIA and IEE. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is defined as it is a process for evaluating the environmental impacts of any project or development. These impacts included socio economic, cultural and health impacts. These impacts can be beneficial or adverse. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is held initially before helding a project It also measures the environmental impacts, their monitoring and evaluation. The rules are as follows: 1) SHORT TITLE AND COMMENCEMENT These regulations are named as PEPA IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000. 2) PROJECTS REQUIRING AN IEE Any follower of project falling in any category described in Schedule I shall file an IEE with Federal Agency under Section 12. 3) PROJECTS REQUIRING AN EIA Any follower of project falling in any catagory...