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GIS stores the information in the form of thematic layers that can be linked together by geography.This presents the complexity off world inn simple form to understand the natural relationships.  GIS DATA TYPES GIS technology has two basic types of data that it use.These are: 1. SPATIAL DATA It represents the relative and absolute locations of a geographic feature. 2. ATTRIBUTE DATA It provides the properties of spatial features. The properties can be qualitative or quantitative. Attribute data is also known as tabular data. Examples of spatial and attribute data can be seen as: the coordinate location of forestry stand is spatial data while properties of that forestry stand such as dominant species, cover group, crown closure etc are attribute data.Image data may be considered as spatial data e.g. photographs, movies and it may be attribute data e.g. sound, descriptions or narrations etc. SPATIAL DATA MODELS Two basic types of spatial data models...

INTRODUCTION GIS (Geographic Information System) is a computer based tool used to store and operate geographic information. It deals with mapping and analyzing things happening on earth. GIS is known for explaining events, predicting results an planning strategies and that is why it is found different from other information systems and valuable to public and private enterprises. GIS aim is management, analysis and visualization/ mapping of spatial data. The definition of GIS quoted by Burrough is: "GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transform and displaying spatial data from the real world." GIS APPLICATIONS GIS has the potential to be used in various fields. The problems faced by world today are overpopulation, pollution, deforestation, natural disasters. These challenges have critical geographic perspective. GIS is used while selection of suitable site for business, finding best soil to grow crops, finding the best rout...

World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in Johannesburg in 2002. Summit should provide benefit to youth, children and vulnerable community. For sustainable development good governance is necessary in each country at international level. Peace, security, stability, respect for human rights, fundamental freedom are all necessary for sustainable development. SECTIONS      Introduction Poverty Eradication Changing unsustainable to sustainable patterns Protecting and managing natural resources Sustainable Development in Globalizing World Health and Sustainable Development Sustainable Development of Small Islands Partnership Plenary Sessions WEHAB DISCUSSIONS SUMMARY The WEHAB discussions were carried out in plenary in response to decision at prepcom IV. Five key sessions were discussed in WEHAB discussions by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan (contributor in World Summit on Sustainable Development): Water, Energy, Health, Agriculture and Biodiversity. WEH...

GOVERNANCE "Governance means a process of decision making and a process of implementation of these decisions." Governance can be termed in different concepts such as International governance, Local governance, National governance and corporate governance. Both Formal and Informal actors are involved in decision making and in the process by which decisions are implemented. Formal and Informal structures are also set in place to make decision and to implement them. Government is one of the actor in governance. In rural areas the actors involved other than government are: land lords, cooperatives, associations of peasant farmers, NGOs, research institutes, political leaders, religious leaders, finance institutes and military etc.  In urban areas the situation is more complex. Here in addition to above actors in rural areas at national level media lobbyists, international donors and multi national corporation are included.  All actors other than government and military m...

Broadly the conservation strategies are divide into two types . They are: On Site Preservation Off Site or Ex Situ preservation On Situ Preservation The best strategy to conserve species is to preserve them in wild in their natural communities. This is known as π or On site preservation. Natural communities are evolutionary adapted to the changing environment. In the wild species genetic variability is not lost by genetic drift. But on site preservation is not suitable for many rare and endangered species. They go extinct due to many reasons ass described in earlier posts. These are: genetic erosion, deteriorating habitat, changes in environment, competition from exotic species, disease and excessive hunting. Ex Situ or Off-Site Preservation When the remaining population is too small or when the individuals are found outside the protected area than on site preservation may not be effective. Than the species are preserved in an artificial...

Methods to establish new plant populations are different from establishing vertebrate or animal populations. Animals can move from one place to another in search of food or moisture conditions. In plants the seeds are dispersed to the other sites through wind, water and animals or by conservation biologists activity. When a seed is planted on a site it is unable to move even if a suitable site exists at few meters distance. The immediate small suitable site is necessary in case when environmental conditions become harsh e.g. the weather is too hot, too wet, too dry or too shady. In these conditions the seeds either don't germinate or plants die. Plants are vulnerable to attacks by insects, pests and fungi. Fire also disturb the seeds establishment. Considerations while reintroduction of Plants Careful site selection should be taken into account otherwise plants will not be able to survive or flower. Those factors should be identified that cause the decline ...

Establishment of new populations is quite difficult and expensive and it requires long term and serious commitments. The programs to capture, raise and monitor the species such as condor, peregrine falcon, ferrets millions of dollars are required and millions of year work is needed. When species are long lived they required that much time to take care of the program. Emotional public issues were raised while decision making of reintroduction of grizzly bears, grey wolf programs, black footed ferrets and California condor. Criticism Criticism regarding this reintroduction programs raised were: Waste of Money Unnecessary Intrusive Poorly run Unethical Answers to these Questions The answers to these questions is simple that not every endangered specie is suited for reintroduction program. A well designed and well run reintroduction program proves to be best option for the endangered species that are at the verge of extinction. It is very important to explain the go...